List of Abstracts 2018: POSTER SESSION

This paper deals with maintenance in the public transport enterprise. It contains an overview of the implementation of prescribed maintenance of vehicles, while the main purpose is to analyse the maintenance costs. The maintenance costs of public transport vehicles were analysed according to unitation criterion. In Pareto analysis, both maintenance costs and mileage were assessed.

Over the recent years, contract management has become significant for science and business practice. This is evidenced by the the growing number of scientific publications and industry reports directly related to the subject matter. The contract management process requires the specialist knowledge in both purchasing and law. The purpose of this article is to identify the areas of cooperation between purchasing departments and legal departments in the contract management process. Based on the synthesis of literature, industry reports and own research, the author will make an attempt to explain the essence and functions of contract management, referring to the achievements of social and economic sciences. Understanding the legal and economic aspects of contracts and ways to improve the organization's activities can be the key to streamlining the contracting process.

The role of technology observatory is presented and discussed as the element of strategic management on the regional level. On the base of literature anaysis the theoretical background of regional technology observatories was analysed. On the other hand some examples of existing technology observatories operating in Europe was analysed to find the practical tasks for these kind of projects. In the end the example of regional observatory in the technological area of material production and processing was presented and discussed in the light of presented premises.

All forms of transport in each country are regulated by the relevant regulations. Road transport is also subject to appropriate legal regulations. However, unlike other transport modes, it is a dynamically developing sector of the free market economy. In Poland, both European and Polish regulations apply to regional bus transport. It should be emphasized that important changes have recently been made in Polish regulations. These changes concern the management of public transport, which also includes regional bus transport. In particular, they indicate who will be responsible for organizing this transport in a given region. The article also draws attention to the ownership status of enterprises operating on the Polish regional bus transport market. There are also state-owned enterprises in Poland, which are particularly taken into account in the new regulations. However, in practice, these companies, while performing additional functions on the Polish regional bus transport market, are not awarded by local governments in any way. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the skillful omission by local governments of the legal provisions regarding bus regional transport in Poland. Failure to perform properly its obligations under the relevant regulations results in unequal treatment of operating carriers.

The article characterizes Lean Management and Six Sigma, two methods for improving processes. The combination of Lean and Six Sigma brings benefits for companies applying this method. The paper presents the differences and similarities between these two methods and also describes Lean Six Sigma method, which is a combination of the most important advantages of Lean Management and Six Sigma. The implementation of this method in the logistics company was described. The aim of the work was to present the possibilities of using selected Lean Six Sigma tools in logistics processes.

The 1980s was a period of changes in Poland aimed at building a free market economy. This change has greatly influenced the functioning of Polish state-owned enterprises, which had to introduce new management rules. However, many of them found themselves in a difficult economic situation, showing a negative financial result. One of the elements of economic transformation is the construction of a free market based on private property. However, to the present day, not all enterprises in Poland have been subjected to this process. An example are Polish Car Communication Enterprises (PKS), which still belong to the public sector. Based on previous author's research, it was found that they form a strategic group that cannot cope with free market conditions. In addition, these entities can be treated as social enterprises, whose basic activity is unprofitable but important for the local society. The author, using the economic method of the sector profile evaluates the competitive environment of Polish Car Communication Enterprises which belong to the public sector. The article analyzes a dozen of the most important factors affecting the services offered by the surveyed enterprises. At the end the author presents his own conclusions from the analysis.

Qualities, which are expected from an organization are greater flexibility in responding to customers' immediate needs. Awareness of the necessity to use integrated information systems is already widespread and its virtualization is considered as a new trend. There are two main driving forces pushing companies to invest in IT systems, which are seeking to gain a technological advantage on SCM and promoting the development of IT technology in the chain. These include changes in business environment and technological progress. Changes in a business environment require an increase of space needed for data and information management in SCM, which entails investing in IT systems in order to improve an organization. The evolution of technology provides tools and systems to facilitate the demand for processing and transmission of information, as well as provides enterprises with innovative technologies such as Cloud Computing. In the paper, the author presents the topic of virtual solutions in the area of Supply Chain Management. The first part is devoted to theoretical background of Cloud Computing and Supply Chain Management. In the second part, the author focuses on a critical environmental analysis in order to formulate guidance, which may be helpful for any manager considering an implementation of cloud-based solutions into their supply chains. In conclusion, readers can find a summary of authors findings as well as a discussion on importance of modernization of information systems in management of a company.

The article was based on research carried out as part of the TRANS TRITIA project. TRITIA is a ‘European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation’ in which three regions of Poland, Slovakia and Czech Republic cooperate. Important roads and corridors cross its territory and with the TRANS TRITIA project the EGTC and other partners make transport networks, multi-modal logistic centers, and environmentally-friendly freight transport in their border territory more effective. The aim of the article is the analysis and assessment of socio-technological conditions affecting the development of intermodal transport in the examined cross-border area.

Supply chain management (SCM) is a key approach for enterprises to be environmentally sustainable through considering environmental issues throughout the whole life cycle of a product. On the other hand, during the last decades, resilience has become an important concept in organizational management due to the importance of investigating the effects of a disaster on an organization and its reversal to the normal state. The aim of this paper is to select an appropriate supplier based on two aforementioned concepts along with other traditional supplier selection criteria. The supplier selection problem is solved using a combination of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. Due to the interaction between the criteria, analytical network process (ANP) is applied for determining the weight of each criterion and then, data envelopment analysis is used to rank the suppliers. For determining the accurate interdependencies between the criteria, fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation is applied.

Attaining the highest level of manufacturing system organization requires low-cost structural flexibility, associated response speed and adaptability to the changing market and technological environment. The low-cost flexibility of a manufacturing system is a combination of organizational elements that leads to the balancing of the system internal flexibility and leanness levels. A basic problem in the balancing process is that both the flexibility and the leanness of manufacturing exclude each other (i.e. what is lean cannot be flexible, and vice versa). This study analyzed the levels of the internal flexibility in two ways for improving manufacturing systems: based on the world class manufacturing approach (WCM) and based on the x-manufacturing approach (xMS). Estimating the cost of internal flexibility will allow for the subsequent statement of their leanness costs and thus enable the development of low-cost flexibility.

Forecasting of parameters of variable nature is always accompanied by a high degree of risk. Questionable reliability of such forecasts, and the effort to eliminate or reduce the impact of factors that adversely affect the accuracy of the forecast lead to the use of software tools utilised in the field of risk management. The present article represents the application of Monte Carlo simulations in the development and analysis of the enterprise performance forecast. Analysis of simulation results points out what is the reliability of the forecast and what are the key risk factors.

An important contribution for the enterprise is an analysis of the supply chain and market in the area of outsourcing of logistics activities. The paper presents the determination of suitable ways of its application in the selected enterprise. With the help of application of suitable methods the paper selected and evaluates suppliers and internal logistics activities in order to implement possible outsourcing to the enterprise. The solution is also based on the analysis of identified supplier at the market and evaluation of the selected potential partners on the base of defined criteria. The part of the final analysis is an evaluation of the selected supplier by determined multi-criteria decision methods.

Innovation management process implies the strong relation between innovativeness and organization performance but generalization of those interdependences is limited by the lack of valuable predictors. Realized studies emphasize particularly in the context of emerging market, the growing impact of organization learning on the company performance realized through the innovativeness triggering a research for new management tools, which use is still delimitated by the lack of incontestable predictors, thus the impossible generalization of realized implementations. Also the notion of product innovativeness requires to be clearly defined and its dimensions have to be characterized. The expected relationship between the innovativeness and performance and its managerial attractiveness becomes than the organization strategic preoccupation and starts to be used as value creation process foundation particularly in the case of innovation based enterprises, where the business efficiency measure establishment is a must. Instead of conventional financial analysis the new concept is proposed. Firstly, the term of innovativeness is analyzed and redefined with the application of technical debt notion introduced by Agile Management concept. Then, basing on the use function definition and with the use of value chain model the appropriate product definition is proposed. Hence the interesting opportunity to determine the innovativeness measure as concept integrated to the customer value creation process, presented here with the regard to new technologies commercialization. Suggested construct can serve to conceive the new management tools focused on cohesion of innovativeness and strategic planning process.

The article presents the results of analysis of selected elements of the quality management system in a manufacturing company operating on the automotive market. The surveyed company belongs to an international company cooperating with such recipients as: Land Rover, Volvo, BMW, Toyota, Renault, Citroen, Peugeot, Audi. An important element of the study was FMEA analysis (Failure mode and effects analysis), which is used in the analyzed facility not only to assess individual stages of the production process, but also to auxiliary processes. In the group of auxiliary processes, apart from the supply control, identification and assessment of potential nonconformities in those logistics processes that have a direct impact on the final quality of the product were also made.

Production logistics, just like any other functional area of an enterprise, must be constantly optimized and improved to meet the requirements of growing competition in terms of technology and in terms of customer satisfaction. The efficiency of logistics processes in the production system depends on the use of various methods and tools offered by modern management concepts. Currently, one of the most effective concepts used to improve processes in enterprises is Lean Manufacturing. Due to the choice and application of proper for a particular process Lean tool the enterprise is able to gain many advantages e.g. decline in quantity of shortages, shorten time of orders completing, improve productivity, meet supply deadlines, decline in stocks. The aim of the article is to present suggestions for improvements for the assembly process, using the work standardization. The developed standard concerned the method of movement of operators between workstations, which significantly affected the work efficiency.

The goal of every company is, among other things, to manage effective logistics processes. Therefore, the fundamental problem for enterprises is to determine: where the risk is high, how it can affect the operation, process, organization, and what actions should be taken to eliminate or at least reduce the risk to an acceptable level. Therefore, the risk management process is of significant importance in this respect. The implementation of the risk management process influences the undertaking of appropriate sales actions that will allow, among others, for optimal use of available resources as well as emerging development opportunities. In order for risk management to bring the expected results, it should be implemented after appropriate recognition of disruptions (risk factors) that directly affect its occurrence in logistics processes. Thus, the identification of risk is important here, i.e. the identification of disturbances (risk factors) present in the implementation of logistic processes. Risk identification is an important element of the risk assessment stage in the risk management process. The purpose of the article is to indicate the essence of risk identification and its significance in the risk management process in the implementation of logistics processes.

This paper is devoted to the problem of multi-period interval synchronization in urban public transport. It is a key aspect of the timetabling problem in public transport networks with long overlapping route segments shared by groups of lines, where ride frequency can vary from one period to another. The problem was formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem and multi-objective mixed-integer linear optimization problem. In the research we adopted the recommended length of a planning period: 30 minutes. Firstly, we conducted research for several combinations of lines synchronized in one synchronization hub and for different sets of their ride frequencies. Next, we introduced another synchronization hub, so different group of lines was synchronized in each hub; however, some lines were synchronized in both hubs, what made the problem harder. We conducted research for different sets of their ride frequencies. The problem was formulated as a multi-objective mixed-integer linear optimization program and solved using lexicographic approach. In the paper computational experiments are reported and obtained results are presented. The main contribution of the paper is the focus on the interval synchronization, while majority of research are devoted to the transfer synchronization.

With the introduction of lean management systems in companies, the starting point were in often the introduction of continuous improvement workshops on the shopfloor. Different tools were used for analyzing waste in different processes. This kind of well-known method is enriched with new aspects and tools of logistics 4.0. A reference process for a lean and digital workshop in logistics is presented. To test the improvement of digital aspects, the Smart Factory of the HTW Dresden is explained, where new processes can be implemented and tested.

The dynamic development of the e-commerce market over the last years has contributed to the increase in the demand for storage space. Companies compete with each other for the greatest attention of the recipients of their services. One of the most important features that allow to increase competitiveness on the e-commerce market is providing efficient customer service. Therefore, solutions are being intensively sought to increase the quality of services provided and the speed of order fulfilment. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the processes carried out and the efficiency of storage systems is to reverse the traditional logic of picking orders from the "person to goods" principle to "goods to person". In a traditional model, an employee in order to complete an order is forced to go through a specific route between subsequent shelves. In the new model, the products are transported directly to the employee which shortens the picking time and allows to reduce employment. There are a lot of different solutions used to implement the "good to person" principle. One of them is used by the precursor of this type of solutions - Amazon Robotics. It is a system that transports entire storage racks. The system is based on the use of autonomous robots that perform tasks in a multi-agent environment.
One of the main problems regarding the management of multi-agent systems is the proper selection of the number of robots in order to achieve the highest system efficiency. The number of required robots is influenced by the route planning algorithm used, the way orders are managed, the size of the workspace and the reliability of the system. To solve the problem of choosing the right number of robots, a simulation model was used in which the impact of the route planning algorithm and the number of robots on the performance of the modelled system were analysed. This paper attempts to present the method of modelling a multi-agent system in a simulation environment. It shows the difference in system performance as a function of the number of robots and the selected route planning algorithm.

Industry 4.0 is a concept that means the integration of intelligent machines, systems and introducing changes in production processes, aimed at increasing production efficiency and introducing the possibility of flexible changes in the assortment of products. Industry 4.0 is focused on continuous improvement of production processes. This is a turnaround in the production control methodology, as the growing expectations of customers in the modern market cause that along with the increase in production efficiency, the product is customized. In this trend, the customer decides about the product, personalizing it as much as possible in the best possible way. These are new challenges in the field of inventory management. The aim of the article is to present the method of calculating the optimal amount of the cost of a rotating stock in a production enterprise with an unevenly distributed demand.

The 21^st century is characterised by the unprecedented speed and scope of changes, creating a new external environment, where the logistics systems are managed. The latest development in logistics management is influenced by sustainability, which complements the economic dimension with environmental and social dimensions. The fundamental principle of logistics management is Systems Thinking (ST). Until now, the Reductionism ST (RST), focusing on the maximal economic performance of a logistics system´s parts and interactions has been applied. However, the RST approach does not sufficiently consider the implication of the external environment to the economic performance. The article´s aim is the introduction of the new Wholeness ST (WST) approach and confirmation of its fundamental role in deriving of the performance of the selected logistics system´s parts and interactions from the external environment. WST´s role was demonstrated in a case study, comparing the WST and RST approach in management of particular automotive logistics´ system. The WST approach in the management of the whole selected logistics system assures a considerable reduction in the consumption of resources. Based on the comparative case study´s results, the conceptual framework for the application of the WST approach in all sustainable dimensions is proposed.

The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) sets new challenges not only for the development of manufacturing processes but also for logistics processes and supply chains. Logistics in the fourth industrial revolution (Logistics 4.0) focuses on increased integration of enterprises within open supply chains, development of IT systems supporting management and control processes and automation of logistics processes. Point elements of logistics infrastructure requires adaptation to the changing significant parameters of the supply chain, the size of the material flows associated with the development of omni-channel sales and changes in the labour market. Commonly used solutions - financial analysis and indicator assessment are used to assess operational activity and have limited effectiveness in diagnosing logistics system incompatibilities and recommending improvements resulting from changes in supply chains. The key success factor is the development of an effective method of evaluation of the logistics system operating within open supply chain, which will allow to identify areas of incompatibilities and propose solutions to increase the operational efficiency and economic effectiveness of the supply chain in accordance with the Logistics 4.0 concept. The authors of the article will present the author's method of Logistics Audit 9A and its use to assess the efficiency of the entire supply chain and its compliance with the Logistics 4.0.concept and will present the results of the study of three companies operating in one industry that have implemented different logistics solutions over a period of three years.

The quality is a complex of different parameters. Some of these parameters are subjective, other of them are objective. The academics and entrepreneurs are according in the view, that the main parameters of quality are defined by customer. The level of quality the logistic processes is related with the changing requirements to the process and its ability to achieve the goals. The levels of logistics services and their potential range are defined in the article. The range of logistic services is constantly expanding. The modern logistics processes have to be faster, more effective, less expensive, and more flexible. The article is focused on particular tools of quality management logistics processes for logistics services providers. The tools of quality management in particular companies are defined on the base of primary research. The companies, as an object of research, are logistics services providers DHL Express CZ and HOPI Inc. The article defines the conditions of entrepreneurship in the particular companies. The main result of the article is the description of quality management trends application in particular companies, as examples of good practice. The next result of the article is the conclusion about the suitability of some trends the quality management in modern entrepreneurship. The primary research is realized with method of unstructured interviews.

A sustainable transport is an increasing trend of green consumers. The automobile industry follows this trend. Offers of green cars and a development of green solutions is crucial. Attitudes of consumers to eco-friendly transport is interesting aspect of an analysis of consumer behaviour. The paper aims to present green consumers´ behaviour. The analysis is focused on their use of the car, motivators for using a car, use of air-conditioner in a car. Sustainable transport is one of the most important aspects of green behaviour and consumers´ interest in sustainable transport is the challenge for an automobile industry.

In this article an application of datamining algorithms for early detection of the delays in the process is presented. We used data of the real-world process of customer order fulfillment for industrial robots replacement parts in a multi-branch environment extracted from SAP system event log. Four different algorithms were tested: C&RT, boosted tree, random forest and artifficial neural network in order to check their ability to detect if the whole process lasts longer than a specified time.

The logistics services market is constantly evolving and changing. Logistics companies try to design new services to meet the expectations of their customers. The issue of logistics services has also become the subject of many scientific publications. The aim of this article is to identify the theoretical and empirical achievements in the issue of logistics services and indication of scientific challenges in this area. A literature systematic review method was used. In the paper presents the result of analysis of English-language articles published in the Web of Science, Scopus and Elsevier databases in recent years. The study involved the use of basic techniques of the bibliometric method with the support of the VOSviewer software. The research methodology was conducted according to the following seven stages: (1) determining the purpose of the study, (2) selecting and selection of basic literature, (3) selection of publications, (4) preparation of the publication database, (5) bibliometric analysis, (6) content analysis and (7) report preparation.

With high price competition, it is no longer important for enterprises to achieve merely the lowest price but predominantly to gain a competitive advantage using non-financial indicators that include quality distribution, reliability and delivery quality, or cohere supply relationships. The article focuses on introducing the Automated Truck Loading System and its use in the process of loading finished products in a selected industrial enterprise. Further there are mentioned the reasons supporting the decisions about the Automated Truck Loading System. The authors of the article analysed the current state of the process of loading the finished products into trucks and based on the identified deficiencies and requirements of the enterprise; they proposed a solution to improve the efficiency of the selected logistics process. As the automation currently plays a key role in logistics, the authors used intelligent/smart technologies that are part of Industry 4.0 in designing the solution. The article is part of the Young Research Project No. 1321 called "Application of exact methods in decision-making processes in industrial enterprises conditions in Slovakia". VEGA project No. 1/0235/17 called “System identification of complex preconditions for supporting innovation and employment in the less developed regions of Slovakia”, KEGA project No. 030STU-4/2018 called “E-platform for Improving Collaboration among Universities and Industrial Enterprises in the Area of Education“.

This paper describes the design of a simple model and its practical application to predict the need for a spare part. Such a proposed model can be a part of the purchase planning of spare parts within the company's logistics system. The described model was designed for a small enterprise performing service and distributing spare parts. That is why the material flow of spare parts is dominant element in terms of logistics costs in this enterprise. Its management is therefore important for cost optimization, customer satisfaction and market sustainability in a competitive environment. The paper, in its introductory part, provides an overview of similar practical solutions within the research of this topic, but many models are designed to be applied in a global market environment and predict the amount of spare parts needed in different industries. However, these models are difficult to use for the needs of this small enterprise, as the main problem lies in the time of a spare part need rather than its quantity. If there is a need for a specific spare part, which costs several hundred or thousands of euros, but the consumption is only a few pieces per year or more than a year, the time prediction of a required spare parts is therefore crucial.

Decision making processes in modern industrial management benefit from big data processing. This paper presents selected tools for processing huge amounts of data, which can support decision makers in following areas: process control, industrial logistics, and urban public transportation planning. We begin with the Statistical Process Control (SPC) tools which can be used to control the entire production or service process. Dealing with the variability of large systems requires using statistical approach to prevent errors and to evaluate the quality of system performance. In the second part we concentrate on logistic flow planning, especially on tools for lot sizing and scheduling, which enable transforming aggregated data on the total demand into feasible and operable production schedules. It is an important aspect of manufacturing control and production management, as it can result in minimizing the total cost of set-up and processing and the total inventory cost. Finally, we focus on transport planning and management which plays a critical role in the development of modern cities and industry. We review the most popular approaches and tools for the transfer synchronization and the interval synchronization, and we discuss their capability to process big data. This paper contributes with the review of analytical methods conducted from the perspective of their usefulness for big data analysis. We show that tools commonly used in managerial practice in process control, industrial logistics, and urban public transportation planning can support decision making process.

Restrictive environmental regulations related to the entry into force of Directive 2012/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council encourage the search for alternative energy sources for currently used fuels by ships. An alternative to the traditional fuel is the use of LNG - liquefied natural gas. LNG is determined as the fuel of the future and gain in popularity among shipowners as shipping fuel. An important premise for using LNG as shipping fuel is also the economic aspect. The aim of this article is to analyze and evaluate the potential of using LNG liquefied natural gas as fuel in propulsion of the ships. The article discusses the challenges posed by the use of LNG in ship propulsion systems other than tankers. Highly advanced solutions of innovative ships using LNG propulsion were presented - projects completed as well as those in the development phase. The solutions concern projects from the world market and the Polish market. Also described activities carried out in seaports of the Baltic Sea aimed at developing a network of terminals and LNG bunker stations. The sources of changes and market needs were also presented and the sources of regulations for LNG-powered vessels were focused on.

This paper presents a simulation model dedicated to resources planning in the security control process at the airport terminal. The developed model may be applied at any airport using centralised security checkpoint. This article presents a stochastic model that allow for measurment the degree of schedule adjustment for the fulfillment of the level of service assumptions according to the IATA standards as output data. This model has been developed as user-friendly, which automatically takes into account IATA standards. It has not been combined yet. In the models, only the waiting time was determined without reference to the required standards. A simulation model uses the Monte-Carlo method, basing on the universal characteristics of passenger reports to the security checkpoint. The simulation model obtains information on the degree of schedule adjustment for security lanes to the C level of the service category according to the IATA standards. The application of the simulation model may be applied in the management of the security control process in order to avoid an overestimation or underestimation of the service work lanes schedules.

The main purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the economic and political conditions for the development of intermodal freight transport in cross-border area, based on example of European grouping of territorial cooperation TRITIA, Ltd. The decision to establish EGTC TRITIA was made by the leaders of the four regional governments of Moravian - Silesian Region (CZ), Opole Voivodeship (PL), Silesian Voivodeship (PL) and Žilina Self - governing Region (SK). Vision of TRITIA is maximising the use of the geographical position of the partner regions for their economic development supported by appropriate development of cross-border transport infrastructure and transport using endogenous potential of the cooperating regions and taking into account the needs of transport accessibility and safety, while respecting friendly approach towards the environment. The PESTEL method was used to study economic and political conditions. The analysis was based on the analysis of strategic documents, regulations and sectoral reports. In addition, several interviews were conducted with key stakeholders involved in the development of intermodal transport. The research is part of a project to create a strategy for the development of intermodal transport for the TRITIA area, implemented as part of the TransTritia project.

In order to maintain their position on the market, enterprises are forced to constantly improve every sphere of their activity. The aim of this work was to identify and analyze the needs of improvement, perceived from the perspective of superiors and employees directly involved in the processes of providing services in a selected distribution center. It allows to identify areas affecting distribution processes and to determine on this basis the model of initiating improvement actions. The implementation of the work objective was based on surveys conducted in a purposely selected distribution unit. In order to identify places requiring improvement, a process map was created and the SERVQUAL method was used to assess the quality of services provided. The results of the research allowed to determine the occurrence of possible disturbances of the process in its individual stages and enabled the identification of areas requiring the development of new standards.

The aim of the article is to present the competences of members of cross-organizational project teams in supply chains - where the members are the employees of at least two enterprises within a supply chain. The authors concentrated on both managers and operational members of project teams. The results of a survey conducted in 55 entities which are joined with supply chains located in Poland are presented in the paper.

The article focuses on the issue of digitization in logistics and its processes, in relation to its effects on the shape and functionality of the labor market and the trends that affect it. Digitization as such brings and will bring in the future a number of new possibilities, which are expected to improve processes, we can say, in all areas of the modern world. But it is also a major challenge that brings a number of unknowns. In the first part of the presented article, the digitization concept is briefly presented and the current trends that move the labor market and their impact in the short term are described. In the second part, these trends are considered in the long term horizon, in connection with the involvement of digitization.

Arrangement of cargo tracks in the form of a railway siding is a key element of infrastructure in an intermodal terminals, no matter whether it is about maritime or inland terminals. Several studies were presented in the literature connected to that aspect. Authors of the paper presents new approach to the problem with taking into account multisets which are modification of the concept of sets, well known from sets theory. In the contribution every multiset consists of different types of intermodal load units such as containers. The paper presents the analytical model, the implementation of this model into a software and a computing example using programmed software.

Poland is the first CEE country to join the group of developed countries. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 5.1% in the second quarter of 2018. Poland is today the leader of GDP growth in the entire European Union. The last over thirty years in Poland’s history have seen substantial economic growth, however it is still placed at the end of the European tail when it comes to innovation. Innovations are essential for economic growth and development and are major determinants of long-term improvements in income and living standards. In connection with this Poland should change this statistics. Universities have a very important role to play in creating innovativeness of the economy understood as a capability and willingness to implement innovation. Therefore the paper focusses on academic enterpreneurship. Today, no one can imagine building a competitive economy without focusing on the academic community, the achievements of its researchers and PhD students as a basic potential source of new knowledge. More and more the one’s of universities goals is to establish efficiently managed, continually developing spin-offs. These challenges, in line with the developing Polish higher education system for several years, are entrusted to the academic Special Purpose Entity (SPV). The Authors present model of a process approach to activities for incubation and acceleration innovative, technology academic start-ups used by SPV.

The salary of employees is one of the basic and important issues related to the human factor. It concerns the employee and the service provided by him and his expectations regarding personal development and pay. The author discusses the subject of remuneration in the transport industry, taking into account prevailing labor trends related to the amount of remuneration. Compares earnings in transport for the last few years taking into account selected cities in Poland, in the cross-section of women or men, or taking into account selected workplaces. The article signals a certain insufficiency of employees in transport, which is the result of dynamic economic growth stimulating the creation of new jobs, unfavorable demographic trends and changes in pension regulations.

The cooperation of the organization in the distribution network requires the assortment of appropriate coordination mechanisms. Special problem in the network coordination are disruptions generated on the joint of cooperating organizations. Identification of the relation risk in different models of the distribution network of steel products is the purpose of the article.

Logistics has become crucial area of competitiveness in many industrial sectors. Sector of material production and processing, due to high values of physical flows, is especially beneficial for implementing logistics solutions. The main goal of the paper is discussion of potential effects of resolving logistics challenges compared to other factors of the sector's development In the paper the situation in Silesia Region was characterized by the main regional indicators.

The circular economy is a new approach to resource management and affects every sphere of the company's activity as well as logistics chains. Particularly wide application of the circular economy solutions are applied in return logistics systems, which allow to use the ecological and economic potential of returning goods, including waste. The article presents implementation of the circular economy concept in return logistics chains, which allow to close the circulation of materials in the economy. Such solutions make it possible to reduce the waste connected with directing materials to waste disposal and allow to reduce the energy and material intensity of logistic processes.

The TWI (Training Within Industry) program is considered the foundation of Lean Management. It is a program to develop the skills of superiors in the field of instructing employees and improving working methods which translates into an improvement in the organization of logistics processes. The improvement of working methods aims at increasing the production capacity with the same human resources, materials and machines, while at the same time producing more good products in terms of quality in a shorter period of time. The aim of the article is to develop documentation in accordance with the TWI method for operators in a selected production company. Presented is the method of preparing documentation using the Kaizen workshop.

The aim of the article is to analyze the costs of implementing innovative technologies supporting storage processes and to present their impact on the improvement of storage processes in the scope of picking. The research is focused on exemplary system cost simulation: Pick-by-Light, Pick-by-Point, Pick-by-Frame, Pick-by-Voice, Pick-Radar. The cost of implementing the system depends mainly on the type of storage in which the system is to be mounted and on the number of employees servicing the equipment. The presented systems can be integrated with each other, optimizing the process of picking in storage facilities.

The serial production is one of the production type in the metallurgical company. This type of production is related to products that have the stable demand, are homogeneous and it is possible to deliver them to more different customers. Usually we call this production type as make to stock (MTS) and when the production is finished the company is distributing available quantity to existing sales orders. This article describes specifics of this production type and methods that could be used for its optimization. Further, it proposes automations of this process using SAP S/4 HANA information system.

The service processes surround us everywhere. People buy goods in shops, they frequent restaurants and require perfect and fast service, or wait at the doctor’s etc. The implementation of these activities is complicated by the fact that the requirements are usually random, often they are described as a turbulent environment attended by all the partners involved in the supply of services and goods. In this case the requirements for securing these activities are known as the requirements for the service. The goal of this article is to bring the optimization of requirements for expedition processes in an industrial enterprise where customers arrive randomly and require fast and high-quality service.

Enterprises need methods that allow for optimal management of logistics processes with a particular focus on the financial dimension. The answer to these needs is logistics cost accounting, whose task is to identify and process costs related to logistic processes in enterprises in a systemic way. The aim of the article is to identify and classify logistics costs, to present general assumptions of logistics cost accounting and to analyze the needs of using such costing in enterprises. The article will use literature research and surveys on the need to apply logistics cost accounting in enterprises. The results of surveys will be compared with similar surveys conducted in 2012 in order to analyze changes in the need to use the account. The research entities are companies from southeastern Poland.

The study addressed the problem of the diagnosis of organizational intelligence in the aspect of the implementation of open innovations and their impact on decision making processes in the logistical enterprise. All the presented considerations were divided into three main parts. The first part of the study presents the essence of organizational intelligence as a foundation for generating value in an enterprise. The considerations presented in the second part include the characteristics of open innovations as an instrument of creating a competitive advantage. The last part of the study is a presentation of the results of empirical research, conducted on the basis of a case study, in the field of organizational intelligence assessment from the perspective of implemented open innovations. The aim of the study is to learn and assess the relationships between creating organizational intelligence and implementing open innovations in the logistical enterprise. Literature analysis, descriptive analysis and case study were used to achieve the goal of the work. The issue of creating organizational intelligence is new and important due to its impact on decision-making processes in the field of enterprise management efficiency, especially when this goal is achieved through open innovation.

The paper deals with the problem of increasing capacity in the warehouse. In the paper, the three variants of increase will proposed - by adding a rack, adding an additional rack box and changing the current palette.

The problems of humanitarian logistics from the perspective of new institutional economics are not widely analyzed in the world literature. The effectiveness of logistics processes is determined by both internal and external aspects. The article refers to the institutional, economical, informational, social and infrastructural determinants of humanitarian logistics development and their links to the transaction costs theory. The Author tries to identify a transaction concept within the humanitarian supply chains as well as the governance structure in order to find a main criteria of efficiency. The scientific considerations are based on the three types of logistics convergence in humanitarian supply chain in ASEAN Community. Therefore, the research problem consists of two questions. The first one is: how can a transaction concept be understood in the view of the humanitarian logistics theory? The second question is: what are the core criteria of efficiency in humanitarian supply chain on the basis of transaction costs theory? The methodology of the article consists of critical analysis of the subject literature and complex analysis of statistical data. The results underline the structure of the humanitarian supply chain in the view of new institutional economics.

The aim of the article is to assess the usefulness and security of electronic transport platforms as a tool supporting work in transport, forwarding and increasingly production companies. Most companies from the TSL sector use electronic transport platforms, which is why they exert a significant impact on the efficiency and efficiency of the flow of information and goods in the supply chain. The main research problem of the work is to determine the range of usability of electronic platforms in the context of not only finding a free load space or the load itself, but also improving communication between the commissioner and the contractor as well as the transporter himself. Thanks to modern technology, it is possible to track vehicles in real time and monitor the physical condition of the load. The modern solution allows to increase the flow of information in the supply chain and faster response to possible undesirable or unforeseen situations, which in turn translates directly into a sense of security among cooperators. The security of cargo is an important element of the entire supply chain, therefore the systems that check the reliability and integrity of users of electronic transport platforms will be analyzed. In addition, currently used solutions on electronic platforms are part of the so-called "Internet of Things" thus constituting an intensive development of industry 4.0. The research method that was used in the work is primarily economic analysis and the synthesis of available scientific materials such as: books, monographs, articles, scientific and industry magazines. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was used to check the level of satisfaction with the safety of customers of electronic transport platforms.

Firms are permanently looking for ways to achieve expected market and economic outcomes, which are the basis for superior performance as well as sustained, long-term competitive advantage. The most important market outcomes are: (1) customer satisfaction, (2) customer loyalty, and (3) market share. In turn, the most important economic outcomes are: (1) profit, (2) profitability, and (3) return on capital. In achieving such performance and advantage the important role is assigned - among others - to the so-called logistics potentials of success. Logistics potentials are significant parts of the “general” business (firm) success potentials, which comprise: (1) resources, (2) capabilities and (3) competences. The aim of the article is to identify the possibilities of logistics success potentials influence on firm superior performance related to expected market and economic outcomes as well as to sustained, long-term competitive advantage. In accordance to “general” business (firm) success potentials, logistics potentials of success comprise: (1) logistics resources, (2) logistics capabilities and (3) logistics competences. Such potentials can be perceived as factors influencing expected market and economic outcomes achievement by a firm, which are the most significant symptoms of firm success. In turn, the expected market and economic outcomes are the basis for firm superior performance as well as for sustained, long-term competitive advantage creation.

The customer market is becoming more and more demanding. Customers want to have influence on the final shape, form, functionality and characteristics of the product. As a result, entrepreneurs are forced to abandon the Make-to-Stock system in favour of the MTO (Make-to-Order) concept, with the purpose of not only meeting the customer’s needs but also, for example, reducing the costs by manufacturing exactly the number of products which is currently demanded on the market. The article describes an example of a production task performed in the cellular structure. The customer required a substantial and abrupt increase of the production task (from 450,000 pcs/year to 742,000 pcs/year, that is by 65%). The construction of a second production line was ruled out. In order to tackle the problem, logistics engineering and lean manufacturing methods were proposed. Having regard to the Industry 4.0 perspective, a concept of automated work cells was presented in order to minimise the role of the operator.

Most of wastes can be treated by various ways and techniques. But this fact needs to change environmental thinking and increasing of environmental awareness. One of the possible ways how to focus on improvement environment level is an application area of logistics, namely, reverse logistics which deals with reverse material flows. The paper presents the description of the current state of the selected commodity of waste in the Slovak Republic, determination of problem part of its reverse material flow and also designs the solution by the help of the selected method of logistics analysis.

Location theories contribute significantly to modeling in the transport and distribution of material resources in the supply of military contingents and their application results in a reduction of total logistic costs. The paper uses the gravity point method (CoG) formulated and developed in order to explain the nature of forecasting in the area of spatial organization on an international basis.

Human capital is a very debated topic both among scholars and company managements. Companies are now directly confronted with the impacts of the changing structure of the job market brought about by globalization. Globalization of the job market is discussed in its relation to the changes in demography and the entry of the Generation Z onto the job market. Generation Z is the first highly interconnected generation; most of Generation Z have used communication and media tools and the Internet throughout their lives. Another phenomenon often considered a result of globalization is the rapid technology development. The present article deals with human capital from the perspective of recruitment procedures of new employees, who determine the human capital value of a company. The article presents results of research done by the authors, whose aim was to analyze the currently preferred trends in recruitment communication strategies used by companies to attract Generation Z. Respondents of the survey were students of technical and logistics high school programs. Results presented in this article make it possible to define areas that will require elevated attention to increase the value of human capital through suitable communication with potential employees.

In-company transport is an important element of the work environment in the production plant. Transport must be organized in accordance with the rules and its rules known to employees. Wrong organized in-company transport is a big hazard to workers' safety. The article presents the results of surveys among employees. The research concerned the organization of transport in industrial plants. The aim of the research was to compare the assessment of in-company transport by employees of various departments, including logistics.

In the Industry 4.0 age most of the enterprises strive to optimize production inside the enterprise. By eliminating waste factors, implementing lean production tools, the Just in Time concept or the Kanban system in production processes, it is worth paying attention to the aspect related to the transport of raw materials inside the enterprise. This article aims to provide an opportunity to optimize transport through the use of intralogistics solutions. The use of the Milk Run concept in combination with the means of transport for transporting various production materials may be one of the steps to optimize costs in enterprises.

International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS) are necessary for the logistics from the point of view of the attributable costs of the customs procedure and set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade clauses in foreign trade. Article will be focused to the INCOTERMS and rules how is procedure of enumeration of costs of the customs procedure in practice. The cost calculation affects the basic parameters of the transported goods, such as weight, dimensions, method of packing, storage, handling of goods and others.

The purpose of the article was to determine the value of the global passenger service quality assessment index (LoS) at the Wroclaw Airport. The passenger's rating directly affects the airport's profits as a result of non-aeronautical activities. The necessity to conduct the analysis was conditioned by the increase of traffic at the Wrocław Airport, which resulted in the load of the service system and the use of airport capacity in about 80%. Due to this fact, the improvement of the quality of services provided by the airport has become a priority. In order to optimize the level of services, the PAPI method was used. The measurement model was adjusted for the perceived level of quality created on the service in force in air transport. Then, the model's equivalence between differentiated passenger groups was tested. The validity of these assumptions was verified by means of surveys carried out on the real system. This method assigns quantitative values to individual services using a five-point scale. The lowest note reflects the value of 1, while the highest value is 5. The results obtained are taken as an alternative to the multidimensional approach in the context of airport performance testing in relation to the quality of services. This approach justifies the analysis of the functioning of the airport in terms of LoS. In the future, questionnaire surveys will be used to build a model based on multiple regression.

Automotive corporations manage the innovativeness of their suppliers, support the regional and cross-border cooperation of the suppliers and care for the protection of intellectual property and secure transfer of technologies, ideas, goods, services and people. They make use of the single market, digital infrastructure, transport infrastructure and the European knowledge network. They develop regional research centres in their host countries and assign them specific roles. Some of them are mainly involved in providing technical support (adaptation of technology) to a branch of the parent corporation in the country where they are located. Others support an entire group of branches in a given geographical region (e.g. within Europe), and their role is to develop products for the local or regional market and to cooperate with suppliers in the field of R&D. The aim of this paper is to describe the organisation and management of R&D activities of selected automotive corporations and identify the roles of R&D centres located in Poland. An attempt was also made to evaluate the involvement of Polish automotive suppliers in the cooperation with R&D centres. The impact of this involvement on their functioning within international supply chains was examined. The research hypothesis is as follows: "The involvement of Polish suppliers in R&D activities is low. Companies which have become involved in R&D activities and cooperate with R&D centres are changing their relationships within the supply chain, shifting from integrated and transactional ones to those dynamically shaping and starting from joint R&D projects.".

Distribution intermediaries have an indispensable role in food supply systems as links between food manufacturers and the retail network. When supplying products, manufacturers provide different logistics services to distribution intermediaries. The assessment of their importance can be influenced by the specific/mediating role of distributors in the supply chain. Therefore, primary quantitative research was conducted focusing on the importance of logistics services for distribution intermediaries. The importance of not only traditional services related to order, but also that of other pre-sales, sales and after-sales services was explored. The research results confirm that also for these entities the traditional services of perfect order as well as flexibility of supplier are the most important services. Electronic forms of ordering and delivery speed are also highly rated. Specific is a high importance of offering goods by sales representatives. Interesting is the relatively low importance of collaborative services. The results of the research expand the knowledge of both supply chain management and retail management, while allowing food product manufacturers to improve the supply of services to distribution intermediaries.

The paper aims to present new technologies used in retail logistics. Firstly, it focuses on an identification of risks associated with retail logistics. Secondly, the essential elements of retail logistics are described. Such as transporting goods to a retailer, storing and preparing products for sale and finally, it includes moving goods in a retail store when purchasing a consumer. New technologies used in these elements of retail logistics are identified and addressed to help some of the risks associated with retail logistics.

Intermodal transport is a concept strongly emphasized in the transport strategies of Poland and the EU. In Poland, over the years, it records an increase in use, but its level and growth dynamics is too low in relation to expectations and assumptions. The development of intermodal transport is strongly dependent on resources, which are one of the key success factors. Among them, a significant group is the point infrastructure in the form of inter-branch transhipment terminals - their number, location, capacity and infrastructure. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to indicate the role of Polish transhipment terminals in the development of intermodal transport in the country.

The order picking in warehouses is the process of retrieving items from different storage locations according to customer orders. It is often the most consuming processes regarding workforce engagement in warehouses and significantly affects the wholesale warehouse operating costs. In warehouses with manual picking operations, pickers routing time often is the main determinant of the picking time. There many strategies for organizing order picking routes. One of the basic and is commonly used ones is S-Shape strategy due to its practicality and ease of implementation. However, this strategy rarely is the optimal, but can be relativetely easily adapted to the certain warehouse conditions. Thus, the paper presents a study on few systematic modifications of the classical S-Shape strategy adjusted to the structure of aisles that can be found in different warehouses. Detailed assessment of the efficiency improvement of each proposed modification is provided. Further possible adjustments, are discussed as well.

Prognosis is a prediction for the future. There are not many programs that can calculate the forecast for the next period based on the method selected. The basis of this article is to get acquainted with a program that was created based on predictive models and methods. The program is built on a complex prediction algorithm. It combines all forecasting methods and models. Each model has its own calculation method. Entering data into the program initiates the beginning of the program. The data entered into the program are represented by numeric values. These numerical values can be from different examinations but most of these values should be obtained from a certain period. Values that can be studied are sales, purchase, production volume, material consumption and more. Other values and quantities can be also examined using this application, depending on which values the author chooses.

In the railway transportation system exist many constraints, which combined with disruptions can have important impact on the system operation. The po-sition of trains in a timetable has effect on the transportation system robust-ness. One of the key issues is the allocation of time reserves due to the real occurrence of undesirable events and their consequences. Correct placing of the reserves, as well as optimization of the timetable will be possible after an assessment process that leads to weak node identification. The main goal of the paper is to elaborate a robustness assessment method which will take into account variability of processes in terms of operational factors. A robust timetable is resistant to strokes from undesirable events. In other words, for a full robust timetable there is lack of disruption propagation. The challenge arises how to quantify the robustness of the railway transportation system. Thus, the paper discusses issues related to robustness in context of time re-serves. Correct dealing with time reserves is a multidimensional issue.

The aim of the contribution is to introduce the project and to point out the possibilities of using computer simulation for the needs of more effective production logistics. Like many other tools and methods, logistics also greatly contributes to maintaining the company's competitiveness and resilience to external factors such as the crisis, inflation, falling demand, and so on. One of the key methods for maintaining balance is material planning. The most significant group, which, at the same time, forms the most relevant part of the material flow are raw and other materials and corporate work in progress and finished products. All the types of working objects are used throughout enterprises in certain amounts, internal structure, direction and with certain frequency. For a better imagination of the production proces, concrete production of fireclay bricks, the simulation model as the project for the production of fireclay bricks was developed in Tecnomatix Plant Simulation. As a basis for creating simulation served the model of the manufacturing process in the chamottera. Due to the high production capacities of the chamotary, it has been found that for the efficient production of a limited quantity and especially the firing of the building, a narrow place of the entire production process of the fireclay is the mill.

The literature on the subject indicates SCM evolutions in three directions, namely the flexibility of action, sensitivity to customer needs, and immunity to interference. The purpose of the article is to investigate which activities related to SCM systems have the greatest impact on the level of customer satisfaction. The study selected clusters of the e-commerce market in Poland.

Organising and coordination of goods and people transportation is the main area of city logistics and should be included in a policy pursued by city authorities towards various city space users. Unfortunately as far there is a lack of comprehensive approach on passengers and freight flows therefore in different issues they are treated separately. So, the strong need is worth noting to seek the best solutions leading to achieve city logistics goals and included in the people and goods transportation assumption. The main aim of my research is to find out which crowd logistics solutions are most effective and satisfying from the point of freight and passengers flows improving. The presented study is mostly based on interviewing main stakeholders engaged in city transport system problems: managers of transport and forwarding companies, passengers transport companies and city boards representatives. Moreover the research is based on the analysis of practical crowd logistics solutions and publications prepares by city logistics associations. In the theoretical part of the study, author uses existing materials from public resources. The findings of the research is gasping to present the advantages of integrating passengers and freight transport towards city logistics goals. The worth noting is that to advance operational integration of people and goods transport services, integrating at the business and institutional levels in this area are required.

Cost Index CESMAD BOHEMIA is monitoring system of costs development of Czech freight carriers. This Index is based on methodology of the Dutch company NEA and methodology of transport experts from Czech Technical University. Cost Index CESMAD BOHEMIA has a goal to give information about costs development on one kilometre for different relations in Europe and to describe general trend across the market of truck transport. The paper is focused on web application for monitoring of costs of international road freight transportation and on development of basic macroeconomic indicators, which have main influence on the cost index (interest rate, inflation, wage developments, toll rates, exchange rate) in period 2016 - 2018.

Production companies in today's economic environment are undertaking many activities leading to increasing their competitiveness. They participate in complex processes of logistic chains that largely affect their relationship with the market environment. Logistic strategies plays an important role by binding together the objectives in the area of supply, production and distribution. The author analyses the distribution system of a production company in the aspect of formulating its logistic strategy. This is one of the most important areas related to managing relations in the supply chain and thus strengthening the competitive position on the market. The analyses and research presented in the article were conducted on the basis of statistical data and information obtained directly from the enterprise. On this basis, strategic options for the development of logistics activities were formulated.

In the present era of economic growth, most industries in developed countries are calling for people. In the Czech Republic a low unemployment rate also persists, which is the problem for most employers. There is lack of people in all positions, which often makes it impossible to use existing capacities, let alone extend them to meet demand. Logistics is the backbone of supply chain management. If the economy grows, businesses produce more products and they need to ensure their transport to customers, but also to buy and store more products. That is why human resources play a key role in these areas of logistics. Their number and structure indicate the pace of business development. The article therefore focuses on the human resource situation for business logistics in the Czech Republic.

In recent years, the concept of Industry 4.0, called the fourth industrial revolution, has become increasingly popular. Application of automation, data exchange, cloud computing and the Internet of Things can transfer enterprises into a new reality and give an unprecedented greater opportunity to effectively compete with current market moguls and gain competitive advantage on the market. The following questions arise: How to successfully implement the concept of Industry 4.0? How to manage emerging, new supply chains to make their efficiency very high? High volatility and unpredictability of the environment of modern enterprises causes the need for frequent changes of strategy in order to use the emerging market opportunities and avoid threats. As a result of the development and popularization of the Industry 4.0 concept, this trend is intensifying. For this reason, there is a need to create new solutions, methods and procedures to support the supply chain management in such a way that its efficiency is very high and dynamic, continuously growing. The article proposes a new approach to supply chain management, the main objective of which is to support the process of implementing the Industry 4.0 concept. The application of the Balanced Scorecard method to the management and control of modern supply chains has been proposed. Thanks to the introduction of significant areas to the strategy map the proposed approach effectively supports the Industry 4.0 implementation eliminating some threats and allows to effectively manage the emerging modern supply chains based on building and control the implementation of a frequently updated strategy.

Concerns about the marginalization of Europe in world production prompted to develop the concept of Industry 4.0, which will allow to regain the status of the industrialization leader of highly developed countries. As part of the proposed concept, which is to form the basis of the fourth industrial revolution, it is planned to closely connect physical objects with the information network. Application of new production strategies, such as Agile Manufacturing and Mass Customization, causes that manufacturing companies are transformed into integrated networks in which they combine their core competences. The idea of Industry 4.0 is to create sophisticated business networks, connected by intelligent resources communicating via the Internet, using well-known and already used technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, etc. As a result of applying these solutions, autonomous systems exchange data between themselves and the boundaries between enterprises are disappearing more and more. Therefore, the aim of the article is to identify key challenges and possibilities of nowadays logistics (called Logistics 4.0) in the formation of modern production networks. Additional, in the paper the framework of Logistics 4.0 is proposed.

Labelling collective cartons of food products is crucial element that is often neglected in industry. Labels have to meet the requirements of food law, specificity of the company, requirements typical for this sector, the chain of supply and the demands of individual customers - retail companies. Additionally we have to take into account possibilities of frequent changes which are mainly due to the changing law as well as market needs, but particularly because of retail companies. This thesis analyses the process of introducing automated production of labels on the example of large corporation in food sector. In the research the following tool was used - the WMS software cooperating with ERP system. The development of WMS system was suggested with the a labelling programme and panel of label printing adjusted to the conditions existing in the corporation.

A number of domestic and foreign companies has long been struggling with the problem of storage and supply. Warehouses are an important part of the logistics chain as a link among the supplier, the manufacturer and the final consumer. As such, their concepts and use should be considered in the light of defined strategic objectives of the company. Inventories in all their forms (input materials, semi-finished products, inter-operational supplies, stocks of finished products, etc.) significantly affect the entire logistics system, which they conclusively belong to. Their optimal management is reflected in the economic performance of the company. The paper presents a case study of the distribution warehouse design in conditions of engineering company. This store should serve to balance unequal customer demand. A specification of key factors had been carried out, in particular, the types of stored materials and their distribution by type of packaging, inventory analysis, sales analysis. Subsequently, the size of the expedition store was determined. The proposals were verified with a dynamic simulation. That helped determine the suitability of the proposed solution.

Project management is based on a process concept by which we understand all the activities and subjects involved in the project. When planning a process, it is necessary to meet the basic requirement that is that the activities must be planned and logically connected to each other. Due to the uniqueness of each project, it is relatively difficult to determine the specific processes, methods and techniques generally applicable to each project. On the other hand, it is especially important for more sophisticated projects to set certain procedures and processes so that the project can be effectively managed. Each project contains considerable uncertainty. An agreement on how the project should be managed contributes to the reduction of this uncertainty that is a description of the key processes and game rules for the project team and its closest surroundings. The authors of this article capture their experience in project management of a research plan in its first phase.

Transport of goods belongs to the most important sectors of the global economy. The optimization of the organization and implementation of the transport process is significantly influenced by professional forwarding services. In shipping, the main factors affecting the reliability in customer service is the price and time of transport service. Therefore, nowadays the implementation of forwarding services is very important in order to obtain optimal conditions for the client: price and time, efficient communication between entities, providing current information on shipment status, ease of completing documents, and increased control over each element of the chain transport. Nowadays, in forwarding companies, comprehensively serving customers, to ensure efficient and optimal conditions of service, it may be important to use appropriate tools of computer-aided forwarding.
The aim of the article is to propose an algorithm for a forwarding service consisting of six functional blocks, where not only blocks associated with standard forwarding operations play an important role, but also those that allow to quickly obtain statistical data on profitability, the number of clients served and the quality of services. The programs available on the market are universal and do not cover all of the company's forwarding activities. Analysis of all stages of forwarding activity on the example of a selected company led to the creation of its own algorithm. It should lead to the creation of a forwarding service program.

Proper implementation of the objectives and tasks of logistics and logistics management requires the gathering of appropriate resources, both material and immaterial. These resources are part of the (sometimes shared) many processes carried out in the company, whose mutual synergistic interaction largely determines the size of the financial result. A properly functioning logistics system can thus support the proper functioning of enterprises, but at the same time a number of other systems may have a positive or negative influence on it. Appropriate coordination of individual processes is possible only with a thorough understanding of the goals set before them and the role attributed to them in the enterprise. The key issue in this context is the proper management of knowledge and its associated processes. Correct, consistent with the current and future capabilities and objectives of the company and the requirements of the environment, acquisition, dissemination and development of knowledge, can contribute to the synchronized targeting of the company's activities in all areas of its operation. The strategic role in this type of activities is played by a people which are the only resource of a subjective nature with the capacity to make decisions and create and exploit the company's potential. This study attempts to analyze selected issues related to the company's management style, the existing variant of the organizational structure and the general assumptions of the knowledge management system. The main goal of the study was to identify trends and dependencies between these factors in the context of knowledge management from the point of view of improving logistics processes. The research, using the questionnaire, involved 105 enterprises (both production and service). In individual companies the questionnaire was each time filled in by the representative of the company's top management.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an analytical method of assessing the potential environmental impacts generated by product and product use, service delivery, or technology use. These impacts are assessed on the basis of an assessment of the effects of the material and energy flows that the system generates in its surroundings, generally within the environment. The aim of the paper is to introduce significant differences between diesel and CNG trucks identified by the LCA study at a specific transport relationship for the transport of automotive components at distribution logistic.

The objective of the paper was to indicate internationalisation barriers of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) from Great Britain. Expectations of SMEs towards activities supporting internationalisation were demonstrated. According to the respondents, SMEs require not only institutional aid (offered by government authorities), but also constructive aid from international leaders in the transport and logistics sector. International enterprises of the transport and logistics sector have already been providing support for the internationalisation of British SMEs. The paper presents selected solutions that support marketing, e-commerce, and management of cross-border transport. The paper is an attempt to confirm the hypothesis that solutions implemented by a leading international logistics service provider have an impact on the decision to internationalise British SMEs.

All logistics activities both in the field of distribution logistics and in the logistics of customer service are closely related to the customer to the ability to satisfy his needs and expectations. Analysis of the level of customer satisfaction in enterprises is treated as a valuable source of knowledge about the degree of customer satisfaction from the company's operations. The basis of any quality management system is to reveal and improve the resulting nonconformity within a company. In accordance with the principle 1-10-100, the costs of the complaint are many times higher than they would in real terms and also result from the loss of trust and reliability of clients. For this reason, each complaint should be treated exceptionally and analyzed in detail in order to eliminate the cause of its creation experience. The purpose of this article is to analyze the quality of the offered products and the course of the complaint process, as they significantly affect customer satisfaction.

E-commerce is still developing at a fast pace. Early growth was slowed by many barriers, such as inadequate privacy and data security in transactions, low customer’s confidence and even by problems with access to Internet. A lot has changed during the last 10 years. Both demand and supply increased as the number of customers, shops and products offered grew. Customers’ expectations changed in many aspects also with regards to cost and timing of deliveries. In search of efficiency improvements e-commerce companies innovate. In this paper we use research data to analyze the relation between the size of warehouses and delivery options offered and the size of the company and relate findings to business and logistics strategies of e-commerce companies. We find that there is a direct link between net revenues and size of warehouses, which means that companies prefer to use own facilities and that regardless of the company’s net revenues delivery options offered to clients remain the same.

The paper presents an example of a storage system that was designed applying the logistics principles. The process of designing a storage system includes the application of design logistics systems. This process consists of several phases: project identification, design process paradigm selection, system analysis, synthesis, and project evaluation. The main focus is on the synthesis of two alternatives of the rack assembly.

Urban transport is becoming one of the main factors that negatively affects the quality of the environment, due to an ever-increasing population. A major role here is played by road transport contributing to the creation of greenhouse gas emissions of air pollution as much as possible. At the same time, there is more noise and dependence on oil resources. Worldwide there is a large drop in stocks of conventional fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal, and the threat of their early depletion is real. Therefore, more attention should be paid to other means of propelling the means of transport. One way to reduce the environmental burden and, at the same time, make it more environmentally friendly is to use alternative fuels or alternative modes of transport. Alternative fuel subsidies are one of the possible sustainable transport solutions that lead not only to economic savings, but also to environmental conservation. At present, the use of alternative fuels is not very common in the Czech Republic, but some cities already use alternative fuel vehicles to test the economic aspects of these traffic variants. The aim of the article is to analyze the use of alternative fuels in urban transport and to recommend the best alternatives for urban transport.

The Kolator software is a classic web application working with a relational database. It is the first software with a focus on the calculation of traffic costs, which is created primarily for the needs of the academic sphere. The aim of the software is to provide students with a simple tool for calculating the costs of road transport and transport, whose task is to teach the users logical procedures for calculating cost tariffs (CZK / km, CZK / hour, CZK / CZK, CZK / km, CZK / , that is to say the costs of the carriers related to the transport of goods or persons. Calculation of cost tariffs is made possible by a predefined calculation formula and a predefined amount of individual cost types that the user of course can modify. Within the user account, the user automatically calculates the cost plan after entering the data on planned fleet traffic performance. Subsequently, the user can define individual orders and the software determines the appropriate cost.

ABC analysis is one of simple tools that can be applied in a variety of modifications and various fields such as in management of assets and liabilities, management of completion in production, sales management. The major use of the ABC analysis is in the inventory management of the company. The objective of the ABC analysis is that the company consistently increases its attention to important areas. It is inappropriate to pay the same attention and to monitor and to manage closely in detail all the purchased and stocked items. That’s the main aim of the presented paper. On the contrary, it is better to differentiate the different groups of stocks at all stages of the purchase process, i.e. when designing the management of purchasing, when forecasting, purchasing and managing inventory.

Research on transport risk focuses on adverse events occurring in particular modes of transport. A review of literature and project works indicates that risk analyses are carried out separately for road, rail, air and water transport. A different approach to risk assessment in particular modes of transport results from significant differences occurring in the performance of transport in each of the distinguished transport systems. This procedure is fully justified. However, there is a common approach to risk assessment in water transport that combines inland and maritime transport. The review of publications on water transport risks in recent years indicates that while the scope of research into the risk of maritime transport is very well developed (e.g. Montewka), t6he number of publications devoted to risks in inland transport is small. Meanwhile, the specificity of transport on rivers is completely different from the sea transport. Therefore, it is not possible to use analytical inference from research into the risk of maritime transport for inland transport management. The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of threats occurring in sea and river transport and indication of the need for a different approach to risk assessment in inland waterway transport. A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of a literature review of 2007-2017 and interviews conducted among river vessel owners.

The research conducted by the author concerns the development of an operational risk management method in the road transport process. The first step in the proposed method is to determine the context for the analysis to be carried out. This approach is in line with ISO 31000, which concerns risk management in the organization. The conducted research is focused on risk analysis at the operational level. This means that the assessment should concern service of specific transport orders. Research carried out by the author among road transport companies shows that when planning the service of a transport order, managers take into account two characteristics: the group of products being transported and the segment of a customer who orders the service of the transport. The examples presented in the article allow to conclude that the two distinguished characteristics can significantly affect the range of adverse events occurring, the frequency of their occurrence and possible effects. One can therefore distinguish: (a) adverse events characteristic of a specific group of products and a specific customer segment; and (b) universal (general) adverse events, characterized by varying frequency of occurrence and different effects depending on the product group and customer segment.
For this reason, when identifying adverse events and assessing the risk of their occurrence, managers should analyze this in a 2-dimensional decision space.

The quality of provided services relating to the product is considered one of the most important elements of development and sustaining effective and successful relationships within supply systems and a key factor of corporate competitiveness in the B2B market. The paper deals with targeted literature review that is focused on current concept of customer services mainly in B2B market, as well as on the interpretation and definition of service quality and on the way of its assessment using INDSERV tool. On the basis of a comparison of the outcomes of a targeted literature review and an analysis of creation of supplier’s assessment by the a selected manufacturer- supplier of non-woven textiles for the automotive industry, the paper identifies the deciding criterions used for assessing service quality provided by suppliers from a manufacture´s perspective.

Background. Over half of the world's population lives in urbanized areas, cities emit over 75% of global greenhouse gases [Intergovernmental 2015]. One of the sources of pollution is transport. Therefore, striving for the development of sustainable transport systems in cities is crucial. Observing global trends in mobility allows noting the development of economy, automation and electrification of the automobile. These tendencies seem to have enormous potential to improve the functioning of transport systems and to maximize economic and environmental effects. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify the benefits of using low-carbon autonomous vehicles, to spread the sharing mobility and to identify possible development scenarios in this area.
Method. The article is theoretical in nature and is based on a literature review.
Result. Automation of vehicles, their electrification and sharing mobility offer numerous opportunities to improve the functioning of transport systems in urban areas. The integration of these technologies is becoming more and more popular. However, it is not entirely sure whether these modern concepts will revolutionize ways of moving within the city, or will only result in changes in individual mobility.

Requirements for successful supply chain management implementation include organizational culture, strategy, risk management and transparency. Based on this, there is made an assumption that logistic flows in many industries strive to be lean, responsible and agile. However, in today’s uncertain environment, supply chains may be disrupted in many ways. On the one hand, there are external sources of disruptions e.g. natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, or accidents and disasters perpetrated by humans, like terrorist attacks and sabotage. On the other, there can be identified internal sources of disruptions such as a failure to integrate all functions in a supply chain. The need to adapt the operation of supply chains in such an uncertain and volatile environment has caused the need to formulate new characteristics, like vulnerability, safety or resilience. The transportation processes are especially vulnerable for any disruption occurrence that may affect the supply chain reliability and safety. Following this, the aim of this paper is to investigate the main unwanted events that may occur during transportation service performance in the context of safety management. The structure of the paper is as follows: In the introduction section the authors present the main definitions of supply chain, supply chain safety. The disruption event definition and disruption profile in terms of company’s performance level are also explained. In the third section, the literature review on supply chain safety is given. The case study conducted in the transportation company presents risk analysis for the main types of cargo. It gives the possibility to highlight the necessity of performing the multidimensional risk assessment in order to properly manage safety supply chain. The work ends up with conclusions and directions for further research.

The issue of international, illegal trade in wild fauna in the article is important, still valid, but extremely complex. Wildlife trade covers all stages of the supply chain, from the acquisition of wild fauna and its habitats, through trade, import, export, processing, possession, acquisition and consumption. This process causes global consequences for the environment, people and communities as well as national security. Despite many solutions already applied, new problems are still emerging. It is necessary to ensure safety and sustainable development by conducting multi-faced research and undertaking effective interventions. There is a need to better understand markets by monitoring the illegal trade, demand and prices of wild animals, what will allow for a holistic approach to this problem and a deeper understanding of it. Integration of information with an existing trade database will allow a more realistic assessment of the results of trade controls and can contribute to making the right decisions. Traffickers abuse transport systems, and when traveling from source to market, they also use airports in transit. The aim of the article is to analyze key problems related to the management of high-value natural resources and propose solutions. Research is based on the literature review and data analysis for the years 2016-2018.

In rail transport robustness issues are primarily used in planning. The sequence of subsequent transport processes depends on the planning. Problems occur with regard to passenger rail planning from long-term strategic decision-making to detailed planning. The structure of timetable is a key factor, that has effect on the transportation system robustness. For a robust timetable there is lack of disruption propagation. Correct dealing with time reserves is a multidimensional issue. Increasing time reserves increases also the robustness, while the network capacity decreases. Robustness is the system capacity to absorb or resist changes. This article presents survey of literature on robustness in the rail transport system. Rolling stock planning also affects the system robustness, taking into account the combination and train allocations to routes. Crew rostering is a problem of scheduling the work of train crew members. These steps can be subdivided into successive steps as, for example: crew planning which often consists of arranging work schedules, and the assigning them to employees in accordance with working time standards. There may also be combined stages such as integrated line planning (the infrastructure must satisfy the requirements of the timetable) and timetabling. Therefore, the paper shows an overview of robustness concepts and models in relation to given railway problems.

Inland waterways is an important element of freight transport throughout Europe. Waterways connect the most important points of transport infrastructure with each other, which provides direct access to the sea for countries that do not have it. Inland waterways are classified due to the width and depth of the capacity. Currently, in Poland, many transport routes are not adapted to the requirements of companies dealing in water transport. Few sections have received the European Class IV, which allows the flow of cargo. By improving the conditions of navigation in Poland, there is a chance of direct connection between the Baltic and the Adriatic, which would be beneficial for international transport. The purpose of this article is to show the current state of inland waterway transport in Poland and the perspectives for 2020-2030, assuming changes enabling the development of inland waterway transport not only in Poland, but also throughout Europe.

Effective management of an enterprise must be based on financial security. The company’s uncertain financial situation limits the efficient making of short-term decisions that directly affect the level of net working capital. Net working capital is one of the basic measures of financial liquidity. It is important for the company's managers to choose a working capital management strategy that will ensure the company's safe functioning and systematic improvement of financial results. The choice and type of strategy used depends on the goals that the manager wants to achieve, but also on the industry where the unit operates. The working capital in trade, production and service enterprises is completely managed in a different way. The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the working capital management strategy in LOT Polish Airlines. The company analyzed is a state-owned enterprise, which is the leader of air transport in Poland. PLL LOT as a market leader, can use combinations of working capital management strategies.

The constant evolution of the Internet brings with itself changes in business communication with customers and in the distribution ways of products to customers. Nowadays, e-shop sales are in the forefront of all sales which puts higher demands on supply chains. Businesses lay down requirements because they need to deliver the materials in the shortest possible time and at the lowest cost to manufacturing so that their customers get their goods as early as possible and at the best possible price. If there is any weak link in the supply chain, damage can affect the entire supply chain, which often has a negative impact on reputation, especially for businesses that offer the final products to customers. This article focuses on impacts that can damage the reputation of businesses that are part of the supply chain. The methodological part of the article includes an analysis of available statistics and data from which it was possible to deduce a relation to and impact on the reputation of individual components of the supply chain. In the application part of the article, recommendations are put forward to help build the supply chain company's own reputation as well as the common reputation of the entire supply chain.

The complexity of manufacturing systems is a result of the emergence, which unconditionally relies on the qualities of the analyzed manufacturing system, the type and scale of production and the features and kind of manufactured final products. For realistic production systems formally defining their complexity is difficult and ambivalent. This article discusses the topic of formalizing various types of manufacturing systems complexity and presents an algorithm for evaluating the system basing on cooperation complexity. The presented algorithm applies to systems of convergent production characteristics, for which the evaluation of existing codependences is an NP - hard problem. The formalized algorithm is developed basing on the number of existing relations (both asymmetrical and symmetrical) defined on chosen subsystems of a complex manufacturing structure. The decomposition stage has been conducted as per the principles of the general systems theory. The final part of the article presents an analysis of the correctness of the formalized algorithm in an extreme example, i.e.: two systems SI and SII have been compared, the structure of which comprised respectively of n (for SI) and n+1 (for SII) defined subsystems which have a certain number of relations of one type established.

The aim of the article is to present the possibility of using competitors prices and assortment in the process of determining the strategy of product segmentation with the support of an Retail Management System. The segmentation strategy may be based on activities such as assortment maintenance, assortment deepening, assortment reduction, assortment expansion and assortment exchange. In the surveyed company there is a constant monitoring of the product base existing in the stores of the competition. Data obtained as a result of such activities make it possible to take into account the prices of competitors when determining the price of a new product and its allocation to a given segment, as well as to analyse new products found by competitors, which seems to significantly reduce the risk associated with the introduction of new goods to the sales offer and to support maintenance. The data obtained from competitors can also be used as an aid in decisions concerning the reduction of the sales assortment. Analysis of data obtained from competitors, as a result of which the company obtains information indicating the withdrawal of a specific product from the competition offer, and in particular when such activities concern the entire assortment group related to a particular supplier, may prevent significant problems related to that supplier.

An important problem of Polish common courts is their recognized delay, that is, the excessive duration of court proceedings. Most non-value activities involve court secretariats, which suggests that solutions to the problem of excessively long proceedings should be sought precisely in this area. An analysis of the implemented processes leads to the consideration of the possibility of applying proven solutions in the area of logistics, related to the elimination of wastage (mismanagement) in production processes. The aim of the article was to identify types of wastage identified in activities performed by the secretariats of common courts in relation to the Lean Thinking concept. Initial recommendations for the elimination of unnecessary activities and excessive processing in the areas of office processes were also presented, which can be used as an instrument of work planning and general control of the situation in the processes of management and administrative supervision over the secretariats' activities. The use of the Lean concept elements in common courts could be important for the transformation of organizations in line with the trend of planned reforms, as it would enable the implementation of specific organizational principles in the court secretariats: discipline in the application of specific principles of work organization, the use of standardized work methods, methodical problem-solving, and change of work orientation from supervising processes towards their continuous improvement.